Approaches to Literature 2017/2/15(Week1)

literary type	A group of literary works similar in their method of depicting reality, for which the original model is an object or subject or the act of artistic expression itself. Historically, the literary types emerged from the syncretic ritual chorus, as the cultural solidarity of the primitive collective disintegrated and the individual became separated from the group. In the epic the individual contemplates the life of the people, in the lyric he yields to intimate emotional experiences, and in the drama he comes into conflict with superpersonal necessity or fate and carries on a dialogue with the chorus, the representative of the universal.
plot	Plot refers to the sequence of events inside a story which affect other events through the principle of cause and effect. The causal events of a plot can be thought of as a series of sentences linked by "and so". Plots can vary from simple structures such as in a traditional ballad to complex interwoven structures sometimes referred to as an imbroglio. The term plot can serve as a verb and refer to a character planning future actions in the story.
sonnet	A sonnet is a poem in a specific form which originated in Italy. By the thirteenth century it signified a poem of fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure.
Iambic pentameter	Iambic pentameter is a commonly used type of metrical line in traditional English poetry and verse drama. William Shakespeare used iambic pentameter in his plays and sonnets.
rhyme scheme	A rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhymes at the end of each line of a poem or song. It is usually referred to by using letters to indicate which lines rhyme; lines designated with the same letter all rhyme with each other. An example of the "abab" rhyming scheme, from To Anthea, who may Command him Anything, written by Robert Herrick: Bid me to weep, and I will weep       a While I have eyes to see                    b And having none, yet I will keep      a A heart to weep for thee                    b

✱Sonnet 18: Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

BY WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

   Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

   Thou art more lovely and more temperate:

   Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,

   And summer’s lease hath all too short a date;

   Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

   And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;

   And every fair from fair sometime declines,

   By chance or nature’s changing course untrimm'd;

   But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

   Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;

   Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,

   When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st:

     So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,

     So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

   

   ✱vocabulary

orientation(n.)	1839, originally "arrangement of a building, etc., to face east or any other specified direction," noun of action from orient (v.). Sense of "action of determining one's bearings" is from 1868. Meaning "introduction to a situation" is from 1942.
gerne(n.)	1770, "particular style of art," a French word in English (nativized from c. 1840), from French genre "kind, sort, style" (see gender (n.)). Used especially in French for "independent style." In painting, as an adjective, "depicting scenes of ordinary life" (a domestic interior or village scene, as compared to landscape, historical, etc.) from 1849.
period(n.)	early 15c., "course or extent of time," from Middle French periode (14c.) and directly from Medieval Latin periodus "recurring portion, cycle," from Latin periodus "a complete sentence," also "cycle of the Greek games," from Greek periodos "cycle, circuit, period of time," literally "a going around," from peri "around" (see peri-) + hodos "a going, travelling, journey; a way, path, road," from PIE root *ked- "to go, yield" (see cede).Sense of "repeated cycle of events" led to that of "interval of time." Meaning "dot marking end of a sentence" first recorded c. 1600, from similar use in Medieval Latin (in late 16c. English it meant "full pause at the end of a sentence"). Sense of "menstruation" dates from 1822. Educational sense of "portion of time set apart for a lesson" is from 1876. Sporting sense attested from 1898. As an adjective from 1905; period piece attested from 1911.
chronological (adj.)	"arranged in order by time," 1610s, from chronology + -ical. Chronological order is attested by 1754. Related: Chronologic (1610s); chronologically
conflict (n.) (v.)	(n.)early 15c., "armed encounter, battle," from Old French conflit and directly from Latin conflictus (see conflict (v.)). Meaning "struggle, quarrel" is from mid-15c. Psychological sense of "incompatible urges in one person" is from 1859 (hence conflicted, past participle adjective). Phrase conflict of interest was in use by 1743. (v.) early 15c., from Latin conflictus, past participle of confligere "to strike together, be in conflict," from com "with, together" (see com-) + fligere "to strike" (see afflict). Related: Conflicted; conflicting.
lyre (n.)	harp-like instrument, c. 1200, from Old French lire "lyre" (12c.), from Latin lyra, from Greek lyra, a foreign loan-word of uncertain origin. The thing itself is said to be Egyptian, though it became the national musical instrument of ancient Greece. In 18c.-19c. especially the symbol of lyric poetry. Lyra as the name of the ancient northern constellation supposed to resemble a lyre is attested in English from 1650s; the Lyraid (1876) meteors (c. April 20) appear to radiate from there. The lyre-bird (1853) of Australia is so called from the shape of its tail. Related: Lyrate "shaped like a lyre."

✱prefix

✪dis-: (assimilated as dif- before -f-, to di- before most voiced consonants), word-forming element meaning 1. "lack of, not" (as in dishonest); 2. "do the opposite of" (as in disallow); 3. "apart, away" (as in discard), from Old French des- or directly from Latin dis- "apart, in a different direction, between," figuratively "not, un-," also "exceedingly, utterly," from PIE *dis- "apart, asunder" (source also of Old English te-, Old Saxon ti-, Old High German ze-, German zer-).
The PIE root is a secondary form of *dwis- and thus is related to Latin bis "twice" (originally *dvis) and to duo, on notion of "two ways, in twain."
In classical Latin, dis- paralelled de- and had much the same meaning, but in Late Latin dis- came to be the favored form and this passed into Old French as des-, the form used for new compound words formed in Old French, where it increasingly had a privative sense ("not").
In English, many of these words eventually were altered back to dis-, while in French many have been altered back to de-. The usual confusion prevails.

disease (n.)	early 14c., "discomfort, inconvenience," from Old French desaise "lack, want; discomfort, distress; trouble, misfortune; disease, sickness," from des- "without, away" (see dis-) + aise "ease" (see ease). Sense of "sickness, illness" in English first recorded late 14c.; the word still sometimes was used in its literal sense early 17c.
disadvantage (n.) (v.)	(n.)late 14c., disavauntage, from Old French desavantage (13c.), from des- (see dis-) + avantage (see advantage). (v.)1530s, from disadvantage (n.). Related: Disadvantaged; disadvantaging.

✱suffix

✪-cracy:word-forming element forming nouns meaning "rule or government by," from French -cratie or directly from Medieval Latin -cratia, from Greek -kratia "power, might; rule, sway; power over; a power, authority," from kratos "strength," from PIE *kre-tes- "power, strength," suffixed form of root *kar-/*ker- "hard" (see hard (adj.)). The connective -o- has come to be viewed as part of it. Productive in English from c. 1800.

theocracy (n.)	1737; earlier as un-Latinized theocraty (1620s), "form of government in which God is recognized as supreme ruler and his laws form the statute book," originally of the sacerdotal government of Israel before the rise of kings, from later Greek theokratia (Josephus), literally "the rule of God," from theos "god" (see theo-) + kratos "a rule, regime, strength" (see -cracy). Meaning "priestly or religious body wielding political and civil power" is recorded from 1825. Related: Theocratic (1741).
bureaucracy (n.)	1818, from French bureaucratie, coined by French economist Jean Claude Marie Vincent de Gournay (1712-1759) on model of democratie, aristocratie, from bureau "office," literally "desk" (see bureau) + Greek suffix -kratia denoting "power of" (see -cracy).
democracy (n.)	1570s, from Middle French démocratie (14c.), from Medieval Latin democratia (13c.), from Greek demokratia "popular government," from demos "common people," originally "district" (see demotic), + kratos "rule, strength" (see -cracy).